Bald zweite Weltwirtschaftskrise?

Trotz der oftmals gezogenen Parallelen zwischen der Weltwirtschaftskrise der 30er Jahre und der derzeitigen Finanzkrise stellten die aktuellen WTO-Vorschriften sicher, dass protektionistische Maßnahmen nicht die gleichen Ausmaße annehmen, die in den 30er Jahren zum Zusammenbruch des Welthandels geführt hätten, so Katinka Barysch, stellvertretende Direktorin des Centre for European Reform (CER). 

Posting on the CER blog on 15 October, Barysch points out that while the crisis will undoubtedly give rise to protectionist reflexes, the West’s room for manoeuvre is limited unless they are „prepared to tear up the rulebook of the World Trade Organisation“. 

Citing Economist Intelligence Unit predictions of below-average world trade growth figures next year, Barysch acknowledges that decreased domestic demand, difficulties companies face in getting credit to finance imports and exports and high energy prices will inevitably affect trade flows. Nevertheless, the current crisis is not comparable to the Great Depression, which saw international trade contract by 14%, she counters.

Recession and rising unemployment will diminish people’s enthusiasm for free trade, but overall Europeans are still optimistic about its benefits, Barysch says, drawing on recent surveys. Furthermore, intra-EU trade, which for most European countries is the most important form of international trade, is governed by strict Community rules. Only if the economic downturn should turn „truly catastrophic“ might trade barriers re-appear within the EU, she thus argues.

Similarly, the EU operates with limited autonomy when it comes to trading with the outside world. In the post-Great Depression period, eight rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have led to low tariffs on manufacturing imports and to strict rules on the use of „safeguard“ measures as well as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties, Barysch continues. As a consequence, should the EU seek to bypass the rules, it would only have a marginal effect, she argues.

Even the failure of the Doha Round should not have a major impact on trade regimes in developed countries, she contends. But this is not the case in developing countries, which are applying tariffs much lower than those they signed up to in previous trade negotiations. 

„Countries such as Mexico, India, South Africa or Korea could ramp up their tariff protection without breaching WTO rules. European politicians, and the Commission, could then come under pressure to retaliate,“ Barysch warns, adding that a Democrat-governed US Congress could turn more „hawkish“ on international trade.

The real risk, then, is not that countries will seek to shirk their WTO commitments but that a hostile political climate will exhaust the opportunities to cooperate in areas such as climate change, she concludes.